All Shortcut Keys of Windows 7

Windows 7 still a popular and user friendly operating system. Microsoft has designed the windows family to meet computing needs which is best suited for various system ranging from stand alone through small local area networks to wide area enterprise networks. It belongs to the category of GUI. Windows has undergone many changes over the years adding many new features each time. Windows 7 is one of the versions of windows.

Keyboard shortcuts are keys or combinations of keys that provide an alternative way to do something that you’d typically do with a mouse. There are so many shortcuts keys are there of windows 7. By using which you can be faster in your day to day work and you will also become smarter than the other computer users.

Some useful shortcut keys are given below:

F1: Display Help

Ctrl+C: Copy the selected item

Ctrl+X: Cut the selected item

Ctrl+V: Paste the selected item

Ctrl+Z: Undo an action

Ctrl+Y: Redo an action 

Delete: Delete the selected item and move it to the Recycle Bin

Shift+Delete: Delete the selected item without moving it to the Recycle Bin first

F2: Rename the selected item

Ctrl+Right: Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next word

Ctrl+Left: Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous word

Ctrl+Down: Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the next paragraph

Ctrl+Up: Arrow Move the cursor to the beginning of the previous paragraph

Ctrl+Shift+Arrow: Select a block of text

Shift+Arrow: Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text within a document

Ctrl+Arrow+Spacebar: Select multiple individual items in a window or on the desktop

Ctrl+A: Select all items in a document or window

F3: Search for a file or folder

Alt+Enter: Display properties for the selected item

Alt+F4: Close the active item, or exit the active program

Alt+Spacebar: Open the shortcut menu for the active window

Ctrl+F4: Close the active document (in programs that allow you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)

Alt+Tab: Switch between open items

Ctrl+Alt+Tab: Use the arrow keys to switch between open items

Ctrl+Mouse: scroll wheel Change the size of icons on the desktop

Win+Tab: Cycle through programs on the taskbar by using Aero Flip 3-D

Alt+Esc: Cycle through items in the order in which they were opened

F6: Cycle through screen elements in a window or on the desktop

F4: Display the address bar list in Windows Explorer

Shift+F10: Display the shortcut menu for the selected item

Ctrl+Esc: Open the Start menu

F5: Refresh the active window

Alt+Up: Arrow View the folder one level up in Windows Explorer

Esc: Cancel the current task

Ctrl+Shift+Esc: Open Task Manager Shift when you insert a CD Prevent the CD from automatically playing

Win+Plus Sign or Minus Sign: Zoom in or out

Ctrl+Alt+Spacebar: Show the mouse pointer

 Ctrl+Alt+F: Switch to full-screen mode

Ctrl+Alt+L: Switch to lens mode

Ctrl+Alt+D: Switch to docked mode

Ctrl+Alt+I: Invert colors

Ctrl+Alt+Arrow: Pan in the direction of the arrow keys

Ctrl+Alt+R: Resize the lens

Win+Esc: Exit Magnifier

Win:  Open or close the Start menu.

Win+Pause: Display the System Properties dialog box.

Win+D: Display the desktop.

Win+M: Minimize all windows.

Win+Shift+M: Restore minimized windows to the desktop.

Win+E: Open Computer.

Win+F: Search for a file or folder

Win+Spacebar: Preview the desktop.

Win+Up Arrow:  Maximize the window.

Win+Left Arrow:  Maximize the window to the left side of the screen.

Win+Right Arrow: Maximize the window to the right side of the screen.

 Win+Down Arrow: Minimize the window.

 Win+Home:  Minimize all but the active window.

Win+Shift+Up Arrow: Stretch the window to the top and bottom of the screen.

Win +Shift+Left Arrow or Right Arrow: Move a window from one monitor to another.

Ctrl+N: Open a new window

Ctrl+Shift+N: Create a new folder

End: Display the bottom of the active window

Home: Display the top of the active window

F11: Maximize or minimize the active window

Alt+Enter: Open the Properties dialog box for the selected item

Alt+P: Display the preview pane

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Does a Computer understand our language? What is Software? What is Hardware? What is Humanware?

Do you think that computer can understand our language? If your answer is yes then you are wrong.

Computer cannot understand our language.  A computer follows the instructions given by the programmer to perform a specific job. To perform a particular task, programmer prepares a sequence of instructions known as Programme. A computer understands only one language that is binary language. Binary language is contains with only 1‟s and 0‟s. Binary language is also known as Low level language and Machine level language.

To communicate with the computers, we need some languages. These are computer languages.

There are mainly three different languages with the help of which we can develop computer programs. And they are –

• Machine Level language
• Assembly Level Language and
• High Level Language

What is Programming Language? 

A computer follows the instructions given by the programmer to perform a specific job. To perform a particular task, programmer prepares a sequence of instructions known as Program. A computer understands only one language that is binary language. Binary language is contains with only 1‟s and 0‟s. Binary language is also known as Low level language and Machine level language.

What are the classifications of Programming Language?

1. First generation language (1GLs) – Machine Language

2. Second generation language (2GLs) – Assembly Language

3. Third generation language (3GLs) – High Level Language

4. Forth generation language (4GLs)

5. GUI Based language

What is software?

Software represents the set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the hardware run. Software can be classified into two categories:

1. System Software 

2. Application Software

The software that controls the internal computer operations is called System Software. E.g. Windows XP, Windows 7 etc. On the other hand An Application Software is the set of programs necessary to carry out operations for a specified application. E.g. MS-Word, MS-Excel etc. What is Operating System? Ans: - An operating system is a program which acts as an interface between a user and the hardware. OS is just like our secretary. An OS is an important component of a computer system which controls all other components of the computer system. 

Types or Classifications of OS:

1. Single User OS

2. Multi-program OS

3. Time Sharing OS

4. Real Time OS

5. Multiprocessing OS

Functions of an Operating System:

1. Processor Management

2. Input/output Management

3. File Management

4. Priority Management

5. Switch between programs

6. Error detection

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CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF COMPUTER

The computers have been classified into three categories:

Ø DIGITAL COMPUTER

Ø ANALOG COMPUTER

Ø HYBRID COMPUTER

DIGITAL COMPUTER:

The digital computer work upon discontinuous data. They convert the data into digits (i.e. 0 and 1) and all operations are carried out on these digits at extremely fast rates. Digital Computers can further be classified into the followings:

(1) Micro computers: These computers use a microprocessor chip and this chip is used instead of CPU means that this microprocessor chip works as a CPU. These computers are also called personal computers. Two major types of these computers are laptop or Desktop computers. Only one user uses these computers at time that's why they are also known as personal computers. 

(2) Mini Computers: Mini Computers, also known as mid range computers were first developed as special purpose mainframe computer. These are powerful computer. These computers come into existence in 1960s at that time mainframe computer was very costly. Mini computers were available in cheap prices, so users start using it.

(3) Workstations: Workstations are similar to personal computers but have greater memory and more extensive mathematical abilities, and they are connected to other workstations or personal computers to exchange data.

(4) Mainframe Computer: It is a very powerful and large computer. It has more memory, speed and capabilities than workstations and is usually shared by multiple users through a series of interconnected computers.

(5) Super Computers: Super Computers are the most powerful computers among all. These consist of several processors running together there by making them faster and powerful. These computers are capable of handling huge amounts of calculations that are beyond human beings. Super Computers can perform billions of instructions per second. Some of the today’s super computers have the computing capability equal to that of 40,000 micro computers. (PARAM and ANURAG are super computers produced by India and are exported to many European countries.

ANALOG COMPUTER: 

In analog computers, continuous data are used. Computations are carried out with physical quantities such as voltage, length, current, temperature etc. The devices that measure such quantities are analog devices, e.g. voltmeter, ammeter. Analog computers operate by measuring rather than counting.

HYBRID COMPUTER: 

Hybrid computers utilize the best quantities of both that the digital and analog computers. In these computers some calculations take place in analog manner and rest of them take place in digital manner. This type of computers are best used in hospitals where analog part is responsible for measurement of patient’s heart beat, blood pressure, temperature and then the operation is carried out in digital fashion.

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https://youtu.be/3RGEd5Gb_V8

Parts of a Computer

All the hardware peripherals of a computer system are known as computer parts. Usually we found the following parts of a computer:

 

Keyboard

[ A keyboard is an input device. It enables user to input text into a computer. It is just like a traditional typewriter. It has all the standard keys just like a typewriter. ]

Mouse

[ A mouse is also an input device. It helps the computer users to instruct a computer to do a specific task. ]

 Joystick

[ A mouse is an input device. It is use to move an object on the computer screen in any direction. It often used to control the video games. ]

                                                        

Projector

[ A projector is an output device. It takes the images generated by a computer. You can use a projector to show your presentation on a large screen. ] 

          Monitor 

[ A monitor is an output device just like a television. It is also known as Video Display Unit (VDU). It is used to display the output from a computer. ]                                                    

Printer

[ A printer is also an output device. It accepts text and graphic output from a computer and transfer the same into a paper. ]

 

These devices are grouped as follows:

Input Devices:

It is required to enter data to the machine for carrying out the various operations on that data to have the prepared & processed result or output. Input devices are used to feed the data and instructions to the computer. Example: Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick etc.

Output Devices: As a result of data processing computer has to provide results to the user. Output devices are used to provide the results. In other words output devices are those devices which are used to display output or results to the user. Example: Monitor, Printer etc.

Central Processing Unit: The CPU is the control centre of a computer which is being responsible for processing. It is known as the brain of a computer. It consists of following sub units: Control Unit (CU), Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) and Memory.

Control Unit: The CU controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and information. The CU sends control signals until the required operations are done properly by ALU and memory.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit: The ALU performs all the four arithmetical (+, -, *, /) and some logical (<, >, =, <=, >=) operations. For example when two numbers are required to be added, these numbers are sent from the memory to ALU where addition take place and the result is put back in the memory. For logical operations also, the numbers to be compared are sent from the memory to ALU where comparison takes place and the result is returned to the memory. The result of logical operation is either TRUE or FALSE.

Memory: The essential component of every computer is its memory. Without memory there could be no computers. Memory is used for storing both instructions to be executed and data. Memories are two types: Primary or Main Memory and Secondary Memory.

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